The first step is a thorough inspection of windows and doors. Check how closely they fit when closed. Even a slight draught indicates something is wrong. Rubber seals providing airtightness are the usual cause; over time they lose elasticity, crack or become thinner. Replacing them is a simple, effective way to significantly improve insulation.
Another important element is hardware and mechanisms. Many modern systems allow sash pressure against the frame to be adjusted between summer and winter positions. Winter mode presses the sash more firmly against the frame for better insulation. If not already adjusted, autumn is ideal.
Cleaning also matters. Dust, leaves and debris accumulate in window grooves throughout the year. If left, windows become harder to close and moisture and condensation cause further problems. A damp cloth and a little detergent can significantly extend service life.
Do not forget to lubricate moving parts. As temperatures fall, metals contract and unlubricated mechanisms may stick. A few drops of technical oil ensure smooth opening and closing throughout winter.